The Collegiate Church of Santa Maria in Provenzano

The Origins of the Feast Day

As early as 1238, a Palio was being run during the month of August, as shown by a curious document that tells of a fine levied on a jockey who arrived last, guilty of not picking up his prize, a pig. This demonstrates that the Palio must have already been in existence for some time, perhaps even before the twelfth century, since by that time precise rules had been worked out to govern it. Since that time, a unique case in Italy, the tradition has never been interrupted except for a few years during the world wars.
Starting in the Middle Ages, the three zones into which Siena is divided, known as the Terzi (“thirds”) of Città, San Martino, and Camollia, have challenged each other in numerous games, some of them quite violent, such as “Pugna,” in which the Terzi fought each other by boxing bare-handed, or the “Pallonata,” in which a ball was thrown from the top of the Torre del Mangia and the teams were allowed to trip and shove. Starting in the sixteenth century the people of Siena, divided into contradas, participated in competitions with animals, such as donkey or buffalo races and bull hunts.
The contradas, or city districts, rose up around the twelfth century with military, administrative, and police functions. In the fourteenth century there were almost sixty of them. The current number of seventeen was established in 1729 by a decree issued by Violante of Bavaria which defined the territorial boundaries, an issue that was the cause of violent clashes.
The Palio has always been both a game and a religious event. Besides the two that are run in honor of Our Lady, others were run in honor of saints and blessed through the city streets, thus called ‘long’ races, with the finish line usually set in front of the cathedral.
These competitions seem to have always been so ingrained in the blood of the Sienese people that even during the dramatic siege of Siena by the Florentines in 1555, the boys of the city continued to play their games, to the astonishment of the allied French captain Blaise de Montluc.